Do Not Lose Your Shirt With a Margin Account

February 28, 2009


The key to the FOREX market for the average investor is the margin. Without margin trading currency trading would be beyond most investors. I will explain what the margin is and how it works.
When you have a margin account you are able to control large amounts of currency with a relatively small cash deposit. When you have a margin account with a broker you are in effect borrowing money from the broker to control a larger lot of currency. Currency is normally sold in lots with a value of $100,000. A common term used when discussing margin accounts is leverage. Leverage is how much you can control with a certain amount of money. The leverage is usually displayed as a ration such as 1:100. That would allow you to control currency worth 100 times the amount of money you have invested.
To better explain this in a FOREX exchange with a 1% margin account you could control $100,000 worth of a currency while only investing $1000. Margin accounts can allow you to greatly increase your profit; they also allow you to increase your risk. With a margin account it is possible for a trader to lose more than their initial investment. With a little prudence though losses can be minimized. Most brokers will terminate a trade before the losses exceed the original deposit.

Benefits
As discussed before a margin account allows you to buy more with the money you have which can greatly increase your profit on successful trades. By controlling a $100,000 worth of currency for only $1000 the potential gain is greater. When dealing with large lots of currency even small changes can produce significant results.
Currency on the FOREX market is traded in far more precise units than actual cash is. As an example the American dollar is traded down to four decimal points. So when you were to quote the dollar against another currency you will see a price like $1.7834 instead of $1.78. A PIP is the smallest unit when trading currencies, when dealing with $100,000 lots then each pip is worth about $10.
If the price of the American dollar changes from $1.7834 to $1.7934, you have a net difference of 100 pips. If you have a lot of $100,000 then that 100 pips will translate to $1000 where as if you were not using the margin your original $1000 would only show a profit of $10. Hardly what most would consider a highly profitable trade?
In short the primary benefit of using a margin account is that it can greatly increase the profit margin of a trade.

Risks
Since there is such a significant increase in profit potential when using a margin account it only stands to reason that there is also an increase. In fact it is quite possible to have your entire margin account wiped out fairly quickly. When using a 1% margin account a shift in the currency of a single penny will cost you $1000.
The FOREX exchange has many safety features to help you reduce the risk of this happening. One example is a stop loss order. A stop loss order will automatically close out your position in a currency if the price crosses the point you have set. This allows you to limit your losses while still having the opportunity to realize a profit.
Another risk that many people overlook is that if the price nears the point where your losses are close to being equal to the value of your margin account your broker may close out your position. If you were trying to rid out a temporary downturn that you expect to turn around soon you could find that your broker has closed it causing you to lose your entire balance and have no option to make a profit if the price moves up again.

This is a basic introduction to margin accounts and how they work, visit the website listed below to learn more about the FOREX market.
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Do Not Lose Your Shirt With a Margin Account

February 28, 2009


The key to the FOREX market for the average investor is the margin. Without margin trading currency trading would be beyond most investors. I will explain what the margin is and how it works.
When you have a margin account you are able to control large amounts of currency with a relatively small cash deposit. When you have a margin account with a broker you are in effect borrowing money from the broker to control a larger lot of currency. Currency is normally sold in lots with a value of $100,000. A common term used when discussing margin accounts is leverage. Leverage is how much you can control with a certain amount of money. The leverage is usually displayed as a ration such as 1:100. That would allow you to control currency worth 100 times the amount of money you have invested.
To better explain this in a FOREX exchange with a 1% margin account you could control $100,000 worth of a currency while only investing $1000. Margin accounts can allow you to greatly increase your profit; they also allow you to increase your risk. With a margin account it is possible for a trader to lose more than their initial investment. With a little prudence though losses can be minimized. Most brokers will terminate a trade before the losses exceed the original deposit.

Benefits
As discussed before a margin account allows you to buy more with the money you have which can greatly increase your profit on successful trades. By controlling a $100,000 worth of currency for only $1000 the potential gain is greater. When dealing with large lots of currency even small changes can produce significant results.
Currency on the FOREX market is traded in far more precise units than actual cash is. As an example the American dollar is traded down to four decimal points. So when you were to quote the dollar against another currency you will see a price like $1.7834 instead of $1.78. A PIP is the smallest unit when trading currencies, when dealing with $100,000 lots then each pip is worth about $10.
If the price of the American dollar changes from $1.7834 to $1.7934, you have a net difference of 100 pips. If you have a lot of $100,000 then that 100 pips will translate to $1000 where as if you were not using the margin your original $1000 would only show a profit of $10. Hardly what most would consider a highly profitable trade?
In short the primary benefit of using a margin account is that it can greatly increase the profit margin of a trade.

Risks
Since there is such a significant increase in profit potential when using a margin account it only stands to reason that there is also an increase. In fact it is quite possible to have your entire margin account wiped out fairly quickly. When using a 1% margin account a shift in the currency of a single penny will cost you $1000.
The FOREX exchange has many safety features to help you reduce the risk of this happening. One example is a stop loss order. A stop loss order will automatically close out your position in a currency if the price crosses the point you have set. This allows you to limit your losses while still having the opportunity to realize a profit.
Another risk that many people overlook is that if the price nears the point where your losses are close to being equal to the value of your margin account your broker may close out your position. If you were trying to rid out a temporary downturn that you expect to turn around soon you could find that your broker has closed it causing you to lose your entire balance and have no option to make a profit if the price moves up again.

This is a basic introduction to margin accounts and how they work, visit the website listed below to learn more about the FOREX market.
Ready to learn forex trading? Want to learn about FOREX Trading Signal.
Learn our FOREX day trading system completely free.

Negotiating a Real Estate Purchase Top 6 Tips

February 27, 2009


Negotiating may be the most critical part of the real estate purchase process. Being able to strike an advantageous deal with the seller virtually guarantees your profit. Negotiating is both an art and a skill that you will master with time and practice. Here are six tips to get you started.

Know the Property

You should know as much as possible about the real estate purchase you’re about to make. This knowledge comes from researching the neighborhood and knowing how the property compares to others around it.

Know the Seller

The best way to learn more about the seller is to listen. People will be more likely to volunteer information if you give them a chance to talk. But if you aren’t finding out what you need to know, ask questions. Understanding the seller’s situation and their possible flexibility will help you negotiate financing options as well as price.

You also need to find out what the seller’s motivations are. Why are they selling? Understanding the reasons behind the sale can help you structure a deal that meets their needs and yours.

Think Win-Win

The best real estate purchase deals result from negotiations that seek to provide something to both parties. There are certain things you want out of the deal and certain things the seller wants in order to sell. Every real estate purchase has several facets. If you can give the seller something they want, that will increase your chance of getting something you want.

Negotiate Terms, Not Just Price

Price is not your only negotiating point. Sometimes the terms of the deal are more important to the seller than the price. Once again, if you can address the seller’s needs in a real estate purchase, your offer will be more persuasive.

Maintain Control

If the seller counters your offer with an offer of his own, don’t let things spiral out of control. Prepare for counter offers by starting your negotiations low. Don’t focus on price, but use other aspects of the deal in your negotiations. Don’t re-negotiate things that have already been decided.

Be Prepared to Move On

Don’t walk away from an attractive real estate purchase without offering your best deal, but know when it’s time to walk away. There will always be another property.

As you can see from these tips, negotiating a real estate purchase is more than two people in a room. Negotiations are won or lost in the preparation. Achieving the outcome you desire depends on your research and mental preparation.
Discover exactly how Sal Vannutini combined two of the easiest (yet brutally powerful) real estate investing strategies and made an insane $31,510 Profit In Just 49 Days… And How You Can Do The Same!”. Visit www.FixerUpperFortunes.com.

Why Choose Oil Investing

February 27, 2009


Great risks and potential huge monetary gains. This can sum up in itself what oil investing is about. Not a market for the faint-hearted, oil investing is a highly volatile sector where changes are the norm, and risk runs the gamut from quite low to extremely high.

Still, why do so many choose to invest in this highly unpredictable market? There is much that is said on the scarcity of oil, its dwindling volume, its absence of supply growth, as well as the tightening of supply by oil-producing countries. Balanced against the increasing demand for oil in a world which is driving towards consumerism, where oil needs are vital, it results in a situation where the price of oil is not likely to go down. In fact, it might just remain on the up, or constant at its relatively high price on the market. While it is true that fossil fuels are not something that can be classified as a renewable resource, the investor will often look at the situation and not the ongoing demand for the product. Any product that has a steady demand that will only grow over the next few years is a sure bet when it comes to investing.

This makes for a safe and relatively lucrative investment. However, oil investing should not be attempted as a hobby or in a happy-go-lucky way. Professional advice is best sought for this endeavor. Expert advice can be provided by portfolio managers, and investors can go one step further and learn about geographical characteristics of drill sites as well as seismic and structural features of oil industry sectors when considering potential investment.

Oil investing also provides a rather large spectrum of risk potential, ranging from relatively low to highly explosive. The easiest and less risky investment is by buying stocks of well-known major or independent oil companies. More risk and higher returns can be found in smaller, aggressive companies and service companies which are expanding into new markets. Some of the riskiest but which may provide the highest return pertains to investing with independent operating companies on a direct participation investment, and also commodities futures trading.

Other methods of oil investing include mutual funds which focus their portfolios on the energy industry, oil and gas companies traded on stock exchanges, independent oil and gas companies, drilling funds, royalty funds, lease acquisition funds, and combination funds.

However, in all these cases, sound business acumen and diligence are advised. Investment acumen, investment objectives, and investment vehicles should all be determined prior to oil investing.
Mayoor Patel is the writer for the website http://oil.oil-universe.com. Please visit for information on all things concerned with Oil Investing

Basic Investing Tips That You Have to Know

February 26, 2009


To limit the scope of this article, we will focus completely on the investing basics as they relate to you personally making investment decisions not giving money to a financial institution, which will make the investing decisions for you.

The first part of investing basics is knowing how to invest and where to invest. This can be answered quite simply: there are two ways in which to invest through an offline brokerage or through an online brokerage. Today, however, this is somewhat of a false dichotomy, as most offline brokerages also have websites. To invest, simply open up an account with either an online brokerage, such as ScottTrade or ShareBuilder, or open up an account with an offline brokerage or a financial institution; put money into the account; and then purchase shares based on an overall strategy. While you might be able to get better, more professional tips from an offline brokerage or financial institution, you will have better access to fundamental and technical information such as financial reports and graphs, respectively if you use ScottTrade or ShareBuilder.

The second part of investing basics involves knowing what it will cost. This, of course, will also depend on the brokerage you select. If you select an online brokerage, the cost of trading will probably be lower, since competition is stiffer and prices are easier to compare. Most online brokerages no longer charge commissions, but instead charge flat rate fees. This is important to take into consideration, especially if you plan on daytrading and earning small profits on multiple trades.

The third part of investing basics involves knowing what risks are involved. While there are some exceptions to this rule, here is the basic premise of a risk and investment: the more profitable a given investment could be, the higher the risk generally is. For instance, if you want attain 25% growth on your portfolio each year, you might have to risk losing 20%. But if you want to gain 10%, you might only have to risk losing 2%.

The fourth part of investing basics involves developing strategies. This part is important because it can make stock selection a predictable, mathematical process. This involves developing a list of requirements before you purchase any stock. For instance, you might determine that you want to make a diversified investment that includes two high-risk stocks, seven low-risk stocks, six medium-risk stocks. You will then want to determine what your goal is: to generate growth or to generate income via dividends. You will then want to begin sorting through stocks and choosing stocks specifically based on these goals.

The last thing you must know about investing basics is when to buy and when to sell. While this part of investing basics can get quite complicated when considering short and long positions, we wont go into that here. Instead, for beginners, it is more important to remember to trade based on specific pre-created goals, rather than basing each trade on emotion, which has lead many people into making poor financial decisions in the past.
Will King is the webmaster for 101 Investing Tips where you’ll find many resources and other articles on just about everything related to investing.

Smart Investment Options For Your Retirement

February 26, 2009


Saving money and then watching it grow is an exciting thing but this requires knowing the right means of investing. In addition to a standard savings account, people invest with IRAs, stocks, bonds, real estate, businesses, 401K programs, and so on. The good news is that when it comes to investing, you have many excellent options from which to choose. Obviously, you want to choose the option that will make the most out of your hard-earned money.

Although people invest for different reasons, the number one reason is for retirement. Knowing how hard it would be to live off Social Security, people, especially those from the Baby Boomer era, are taking investing seriously, and they should. When you consider the low income for retirees, along with inflation, trying to live a decent life would be a challenge. Unfortunately, millions of people now live at or below poverty level because they did not plan for their retirement.

One of the most popular forms used for investing is the stock market. If you choose the right stock and the right equations, you can do very well. However, with the stock market, you need to remember that you are depending on market performance. In other words, if the stock market were ever to plummet as it did before, you could lose everything. For this reason, while the stock market is one option for investing, there are others with fewer risks.

For starters, there is a 401K and IRA. With this, you might think about contributing to an IRA account, based off funds from your company’s 401K plan. With a 401K, most companies will match funds to a certain point. Then, once you have achieved a set level, you would become eligible for the highest matching possible, allowing you to contribute to an IRA. When looking at an IRA, we recommend you choose one that does not penalize you for taking money out. Although the goal is to leave the money in, you could be faced with an emergency in which you would need to withdraw some funds. Therefore, a Roth IRA would be the ideal solution.

Investing can also be done by diversifying your mutual funds. Once you have invested your money in a standard index fund, you would need to look at various markets and industries of interest. With this, compare the mutual funds that concentrate on different aspects of the market. The bottom line is that if you use your mutual funds for investing in various market segments, you get the advantage of large trends while eliminating the risk with other types of investments.

You will also find a number of online investing companies that will allow you to buy stock for as little as $4. These programs are convenient and if done right, can be beneficial. The key in this case is not to become too “trade happy”, meaning you should not trade too often. For the most back on your money with online investing, we suggest you commit to following up on your stocks no more than once a week. Keep in mind that other types of investing include corporate bonds, insider trading, and 529 funds, which is a great way to save for your child’s future college.
Grant Segall writes for the investment and money matters website Investentry.com

Why Choose Oil Investing

February 25, 2009


Great risks and potential huge monetary gains. This can sum up in itself what oil investing is about. Not a market for the faint-hearted, oil investing is a highly volatile sector where changes are the norm, and risk runs the gamut from quite low to extremely high.

Still, why do so many choose to invest in this highly unpredictable market? There is much that is said on the scarcity of oil, its dwindling volume, its absence of supply growth, as well as the tightening of supply by oil-producing countries. Balanced against the increasing demand for oil in a world which is driving towards consumerism, where oil needs are vital, it results in a situation where the price of oil is not likely to go down. In fact, it might just remain on the up, or constant at its relatively high price on the market. While it is true that fossil fuels are not something that can be classified as a renewable resource, the investor will often look at the situation and not the ongoing demand for the product. Any product that has a steady demand that will only grow over the next few years is a sure bet when it comes to investing.

This makes for a safe and relatively lucrative investment. However, oil investing should not be attempted as a hobby or in a happy-go-lucky way. Professional advice is best sought for this endeavor. Expert advice can be provided by portfolio managers, and investors can go one step further and learn about geographical characteristics of drill sites as well as seismic and structural features of oil industry sectors when considering potential investment.

Oil investing also provides a rather large spectrum of risk potential, ranging from relatively low to highly explosive. The easiest and less risky investment is by buying stocks of well-known major or independent oil companies. More risk and higher returns can be found in smaller, aggressive companies and service companies which are expanding into new markets. Some of the riskiest but which may provide the highest return pertains to investing with independent operating companies on a direct participation investment, and also commodities futures trading.

Other methods of oil investing include mutual funds which focus their portfolios on the energy industry, oil and gas companies traded on stock exchanges, independent oil and gas companies, drilling funds, royalty funds, lease acquisition funds, and combination funds.

However, in all these cases, sound business acumen and diligence are advised. Investment acumen, investment objectives, and investment vehicles should all be determined prior to oil investing.
Mayoor Patel is the writer for the website http://oil.oil-universe.com. Please visit for information on all things concerned with Oil Investing

5 Ways to Find the Best Stock Picks

February 24, 2009


There is no doubt that penny stocks are a risky and thinly traded breed of stocks issued by relatively tiny companies. Also, the SEC does not require penny stocks to follow their reporting rules. This combined with unclear or unverifiable financials can make this stock seem like something to avoid altogether. Penny stocks can be dangerous for investors of all experience levels but especially for amateurs just getting their feet wet. Here are five tips to help find the best penny stock picks.

1. Profit

First off is the company you are interested in investing in experiencing any sizeable profits. Better yet is their profit to debt ration favorable. Youd be hard pressed to find one of these little companies without debt but that doesnt mean you cant be picky. In this case the least amount of debt with the most profit will be a better investment. Another thing to watch is how progressive the debt payoffs have been. This would be a sign of good or bad financial management.

2. Industry Trends

This is one of those methods that almost all people use anyway. If there is a high demand for oil then people instinctively want to go buy oil stocks. The only problem with this kind of trend analysis is it really isnt forward looking analysis. This is just waiting and seeing which doesnt get you in on the ground floor of and investment before the public takes notice. Investing ahead of an industry trend is far better. So look for stocks in industries that are the edge of more demand.

3. Personal Interest

Theres a saying that you do well at things you enjoy to do. This makes logical sense and it works with stocks as well. If you invest in something that actually interests you then you will naturally be more studious and make more of an effort to choose the best stocks. It can be very boring researching stocks that dont interest you and you are likely not to be as thorough as you should be.

4. Tenure

How long has the company been in business? This is not to say that investing in newer companies is a bad idea but its more likely to be safer investing in a more established company with some kind of track record.

5. Bad Behavior

Last tip is an obvious one. Stay away from companies whose operations or transactions have been questionable. Even if the bad press is not completely true it will be difficult for a company to recover in the short and maybe even long term.
Scott Johns conducts research and analysis of stock market picks for a penny stock analysis company. To check out penny shares for some of his company’s latest picks.

Knowledge Is Power A Research On Stock Market Investment

February 24, 2009


A stock, a.k.a. share or equity, represents one’s ownership of a company. For example, a person who has 100 shares of company A, out of its total of 1000 shares, means he owns 10% of the company. As part owner of a company, the shareholder earns, when the company makes profit. In the same way, if the company loses, so does the shareholder.

A stock market is a place (real or virtual) to trade (buy and sell) one’s stocks. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, http://www.nyse.com/home.html) and the NASDAQ (http://www.nasdaq.com/) are examples of real and virtual stock markets, respectively.

That’s a brief overview. For a more comprehensive understanding, go to http://www.investopedia.com. For the stock market investment newbie, try to play a virtual game at http://investsmart.coe.uga.edu/C001759/usmarket/usmarket.htm, without spending dime. Students can practice stock market investment at www.smgww.org. and www.stocksquest.com.

Then why invest in stocks? Because it earns 10% - 12%. This is higher than any other type of investment (savings account, bonds and the like). The way to earn is to sell your stock market investment at a higher price than when you bought it; the price difference is your profit. You can earn in 3 ways:

1. Buying stocks at IPO (Initial Public Offering). When companies decide to sell stocks, they will offer it at an initial price. After some time, with the company’s good performance, the initial price increases, thus the earning;

2. Dividend. As a reward for investing in their company, the company may choose to give a portion of its earnings to its investors through dividends per share. However, this not a requirement for stock market investment, but purely voluntary;

3. Trading stocks. If you intend to invest in Company A, but did not catch its IPO, you can still do so by buying at the stock market. A broker, in your behalf, will bid for the best-priced stock of Company A, according to the price you want. The same happens, when selling. Compare and find the best broker at http://www.fool.com/dbc/tables/compare.htm?ref=60broker.

The key to success stock market investment is to know everything there is to know, about the company and the factors affect its performance. Consult the following:

The official website of the company. This should show the company’s corporate set-up, financial health and organizational structure as well as historical data of their stock performance.

Investment websites such as Yahoo!Finance, MSN Central and DowJone’s MarketWatch;

The news. To be aware of all the factors that may affect your investment, be updated with the news. For all you know, the weather forecast is the ace up your sleeve.

Knowledge is power and so it is in stock market investment. Invest successfully, with the power of knowledge!
Find out more about stocks and shares at http://stocksandshares.us

Forex Professional Market Investor Reveals A Short Cut To Mastering Stock Market Investing Rules

February 23, 2009


To operate effectively in any forex market investing environment, you need rules and boundaries to guide your behaviour. No matter what system you`ve developed, the potential exists to do financial damage to yourself - damage that can be greater than you think is possible. There are many types of trades which the risk of loss is unlimited.

To prevent this kind of loss, you need to create an internal structure in the form of guide lines that determine your behaviour so you always act in your own best interest. This structure has to be internal because the market won`t provide it for you. The markets provide structure in the form of behaviour patterns that indicate when an opportunity to buy or sell exists. But that`s where the structure ends; with a simple indication. Nothing happens until you decide to start or forex market investing; you continue to trade as long as you want; and there is no end until you decide to stop.

All the beginnings, middles, and endings of your trades are the result of your interpretation of the information available from the market. However, while the average trader may want the freedom to make these choices, but that doesn`t mean they are ready and willing to accept the responsibility for the outcomes. The reality of forex market investing is that, if you want to be successful, you have to accept that no matter what the outcome may be, you are completely responsible. Not the market, not the economy, not world events - you.

Traders who are not ready to accept this responsibility can find themselves in a dilemma: How do you participate in an activity that allows complete freedom of choice and avoid taking responsibility if the outcomes of your choices are poor? This can be accomplished by adopting a forex market investing style that is random. Random trading can be defined as poorly planned trades, or trades that are not planned at all.

Randomness in trading is unstructured freedom without responsibility. When we trade without well-defined plans and with an unlimited set of variables, it`s very easy to take credit for the trades that turn out to our liking, because in our minds we used some kind of method. But at the same time, it`s very easy to avoid taking responsibility for the trades that didn`t turn out the way we wanted, because there`s always some variable we didn`t know about and therefore couldn`t take into consideration beforehand. Random forex market investing is an unorganized approach that doesn`t allow you to find out what works and what doesn`t.

If the market`s behaviour were truly random, then it would be difficult, if not impossible, to create consistent results. If it`s impossible to generate consistent results, then we really don`t have to take responsibility. However, direct experience with the market tells a different story. The same market behaviour patterns present themselves over and over again. Even though the outcome of each individual pattern is random, the outcome of a series of patterns is consistent and statistically reliable.

These patterns can aid your forex market investing if you choose to use a disciplined, organized, and consistent approach. Many traders spend hours doing market analysis and planning trades for the next day. Then, instead of making the trades they planned, they do something else. The trades they make are usually ideas from friends or tips from brokers. By making unstructured, random trades, they are able to avoid responsibility.

Why would they do this? When you act on your own ideas, you put your abilities on the line and get instant feedback on how well your ideas worked. It`s difficult to rationalize away any unsatisfactory endings, since they`re the direct results of actions. On the other hand, when you enter an unplanned, random trade, you shrug off the responsibility by blaming your friend or broker for their bad ideas.

The nature of forex market investing itself also makes it easy to escape responsibility. Any trade has the potential to be a winner, whether you`re a great analyst or a poor one. It takes a lot of effort to create and follow a disciplined approach that will make you a consistent winner. But, if you invest the effort, you can achieve success as a trader, and reap the benefits of the market.
Who Else Wants To Learn A Simple, Step-By-Step System For Generating Quick & Easy Profits, Trading Forex? - FREE FOR A LIMITED TIME - http://www.forexcurrencytradingsystems.com/index.php

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U.S. Government Required Disclaimer - Options trading has large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to accept them in order to invest in the options markets. Don't trade with money you can't afford to lose. This website is neither a solicitation nor an offer to Buy/Sell options. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed on this website. The past performance of any trading system or methodology is not necessarily indicative of future results.

HYPOTHETICAL OR SIMULATED PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE CERTAIN LIMITATIONS. UNLIKE AN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE RECORD, SIMULATED RESULTS DO NOT REPRESENT ACTUAL TRADING. ALSO, SINCE THE TRADES HAVE NOT BEEN EXECUTED, THE RESULTS MAY HAVE UNDER-OR-OVER COMPENSATED FOR THE IMPACT, IF ANY, OF CERTAIN MARKET FACTORS, SUCH AS LACK OF LIQUIDITY. SIMULATED TRADING PROGRAMS IN GENERAL ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO THE FACT THAT THEY ARE DESIGNED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFIT OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN.