Why Choose Oil Investing

June 30, 2008


Great risks and potential huge monetary gains. This can sum up in itself what oil investing is about. Not a market for the faint-hearted, oil investing is a highly volatile sector where changes are the norm, and risk runs the gamut from quite low to extremely high.

Still, why do so many choose to invest in this highly unpredictable market? There is much that is said on the scarcity of oil, its dwindling volume, its absence of supply growth, as well as the tightening of supply by oil-producing countries. Balanced against the increasing demand for oil in a world which is driving towards consumerism, where oil needs are vital, it results in a situation where the price of oil is not likely to go down. In fact, it might just remain on the up, or constant at its relatively high price on the market. While it is true that fossil fuels are not something that can be classified as a renewable resource, the investor will often look at the situation and not the ongoing demand for the product. Any product that has a steady demand that will only grow over the next few years is a sure bet when it comes to investing.

This makes for a safe and relatively lucrative investment. However, oil investing should not be attempted as a hobby or in a happy-go-lucky way. Professional advice is best sought for this endeavor. Expert advice can be provided by portfolio managers, and investors can go one step further and learn about geographical characteristics of drill sites as well as seismic and structural features of oil industry sectors when considering potential investment.

Oil investing also provides a rather large spectrum of risk potential, ranging from relatively low to highly explosive. The easiest and less risky investment is by buying stocks of well-known major or independent oil companies. More risk and higher returns can be found in smaller, aggressive companies and service companies which are expanding into new markets. Some of the riskiest but which may provide the highest return pertains to investing with independent operating companies on a direct participation investment, and also commodities futures trading.

Other methods of oil investing include mutual funds which focus their portfolios on the energy industry, oil and gas companies traded on stock exchanges, independent oil and gas companies, drilling funds, royalty funds, lease acquisition funds, and combination funds.

However, in all these cases, sound business acumen and diligence are advised. Investment acumen, investment objectives, and investment vehicles should all be determined prior to oil investing.
Mayoor Patel is the writer for the website http://oil.oil-universe.com. Please visit for information on all things concerned with Oil Investing

Real Estate Investing Avoid Buying a Unique Home in Preforeclosure Even From a Nice Family

June 30, 2008


Early in my career as a real estate investor, I got a call from a really nice family about to lose their home to foreclosure. Located in the suburbs, the house looked pretty much like every other house in the middle-income neighborhood on the outside. On the inside, though, the house was very unusual.

You see, the husband and wife were theater majors in college and they remodeled the lower level of their home to look like the set of a movie. The home gym looked like the set of Million Dollar Baby. The playroom looked like the set of Home Alone. And the home theater (with seating for six and a big screen TV) was painted entirely black, floor, walls, and ceiling.

The parents home-schooled all four children, so the lower level also housed a study room with computers and desks. The two-car garage was fully carpeted because the youngest children liked to play there during the day.

The house was a full time home, school, gym and theater for this family. The parents thought they would live there forever - or at least until the last of their children moved away. But sadly, they missed a couple of mortgage payments and found it impossible to catch up. They called me in hopes of selling their house fast so they could save their credit.

When I did my due diligence, I learned that homes in this neighborhood did not stay on the market long. Close to the public schools, it was a quiet neighborhood with lots of green space. Add to that: the neighborhood homeowners association often held potluck dinners and street parties and were the envy of the surrounding community.

What could be better? I thought. A great one-of-a-kind house in a great neighborhood at a great price.

I bought the house with about 20% equity, no money out of my pocket, and cash back at closing. I immediately put the house on the market. At the time I thought the uniqueness of the property would be a great selling point. I thought it would stand out as “one of a kind” and families would fight to live there.

Boy, was I wrong.

Most people who looked at the house thought the unique features of the lower level were just plain weird.

I marketed the house specifically to families with children who I thought would love the spacious gym, the play room, the home theater, and the study rooms as much as the family who had put so much of their personal stamp on them. But no one else seemed to see the beauty of it.

Only the strangeness of it.

The house sat on the market five months without a decent offer. I watched my profit dwindle drastically over six months while paying holding costs, utilities, and lawn care.

Then I made a hard decision. I hired a remodeler to transform the lower level into an ordinary looking basement with smooth white walls, dropped ceilings and beige carpet. I watched even more of my profit evaporate.

But I quickly found a buyer.

Lesson to be learned: Three bedroom, two bath, bread-and-butter houses are the best investment properties for a reason. Everyone can imagine living in an ordinary house. Not everyone can see themselves living in a really unique one.
Krista Goering is an attorney, real estate investor, and coach who teaches real estate investing strategies online. Over a two year period, she bought and sold more than $4.5 million of real estate using these strategies. To receive her FREE Foreclosure Guide and Expert Tips, go to http://www.foreclosures-now.info.

Private Moneylenders The Real Estate Investors Secret Weapon

June 29, 2008


Real estate investments are very lucrative and offer a variety of other benefits such as tax deductibles and asset appreciation. However, it is beyond the financial means of most real estate investors to pay the cost of their property up front. Such investors have to obtain a home loan from private lenders or financial institutions to bear the cost of their new home.

It is very common for real estate investors to procure finance in a range of eighty to hundred percent of the property value. The homeowner is required to make monthly payments to the financial company for an agreed period.

Private moneylenders or ‘hard’ moneylenders are generally third party lenders that provide the necessary funds to buy or renovate your home. In exchange, the homeowner agrees to pay a certain percentage of the profits earned after selling a property after renovation. This form of lending is mutually beneficial to both parties. It guarantees lenders better returns for their money, as the rate of interest is quite high.

The loans, often short-term loans, are especially beneficial to real estate investors who have a financial need for a very short while or who have been turned down by other financial institutions due to poor credit score. Another advantage of obtaining loans from private moneylenders is that they offer fast loans unlike many other financial companies and banks that offer loans after following a long internal procedure for loan sanctions. As a result, investors are drawn to such lenders owing to the flexibility and convenience offered by private moneylenders.

Typically, private moneylenders are most eager to work with people who have a promising venture. If a venture is good enough, they are willing to overlook their credit records. This form of financing can prove to be extremely expensive as such loans attract very high interest rates as compared to other banking and financial institutions. Another difficulty is that such lenders are quite hard to locate as compared to other traditional lenders.

People, who have surplus liquid cash and are on the lookout for ways to multiply this amount in a short period of time, become private moneylenders to provide funds to borrowers who are in need of quick cash.

However, it should be noted that all private moneylenders differ in their dealings and the amount of funds provided and the repayment terms may greatly differ. They may charge an interest in the range of 12% to 18% and have a well-drafted loan agreement to secure their investment. They may finance 50% to 75% of the home value post renovation for a period ranging from six months to five years.

The funds can be held in trust or escrowed until the renovation project is fully completed.
Discover exactly how Sal Vannutini combined two of the easiest (yet brutally powerful) real estate investing strategies and made an insane $31,510 Profit In Just 49 Days… And How You Can Do The Same!”. Visit FixerUpperFortunes.com

It is Important to Start Investing Early

June 29, 2008


When you take your first steps into the working world, a step that usually comes hand in hand with finally moving out on your own, there are a lot of places you suddenly find your money disappearing to. Not only is there an onset of bills of the like you may have never imagined but there is the desire to buy all those things you were always wanting to buy. Now that you finally have the money to get that bigger TV, the car and gadgets you have always wanted it’s hard to stop yourself.

The problem that many people have when they first get to this position is that in doing all of this spending the money vanishes faster than they would have ever thought. The value of a dollar never seems to fully show itself until you are making what you think is a lot of money and then watch it add up to nothing.

In essence there is nothing wrong with this. It is a stage of life like any other and it comes with its own lessons to be learned. Truly, the most important thing to keep track of in this period is avoiding any significant debt; this is doubly true if you are just getting out of school and already have that education debt hanging over you.

If you are one of the lucky people who learn how to handle that and manage their money properly then there are other steps, just as important, to take. Most of us are never taught just what we are supposed to do with our money and how we can make that money work for us. Many people manage to avoid debt and even find a way of saving chunks of each paycheck in a bank account but too few of them do anything more with their savings than that.

For so many reasons, just leaving money sitting in a bank is a bad idea; if only because by the end of each year the bank is likely to take more fees than it gives interest. While leaving enough liquid funds to get by each month is important, taking excess funds and investing them is just as important. For people that do not have excess funds it is even more important that they find a way to create them.

By investing the money wisely, typically starting off with investments that build slowly but steadily, you are able to better ensure you have money for your later years. And just because your later years are far away doesn’t mean you should wait to invest. The thing is that the best investments are the ones that take time to pay off. The ones that make you rich over night are few and far between and are also the ones that are risky enough to make you broke overnight as well.

When you invest those few extra dollars you are able to put aside early they are able to turn into bigger dollars in the years that follow. Twenty dollars a week going into an average paying fund will not turn into thousands after a few years; but if you start that twenty dollars a week when your young, then it will be worth something significant when you really need it.
Mika Hamilton runs a website offering free investment tips and strategies for people looking to get started in the investment world. visit http://www.Global-Investment-Institute.com for more tips and articles like this.

Private Moneylenders The Real Estate Investors Secret Weapon

June 28, 2008


Real estate investments are very lucrative and offer a variety of other benefits such as tax deductibles and asset appreciation. However, it is beyond the financial means of most real estate investors to pay the cost of their property up front. Such investors have to obtain a home loan from private lenders or financial institutions to bear the cost of their new home.

It is very common for real estate investors to procure finance in a range of eighty to hundred percent of the property value. The homeowner is required to make monthly payments to the financial company for an agreed period.

Private moneylenders or ‘hard’ moneylenders are generally third party lenders that provide the necessary funds to buy or renovate your home. In exchange, the homeowner agrees to pay a certain percentage of the profits earned after selling a property after renovation. This form of lending is mutually beneficial to both parties. It guarantees lenders better returns for their money, as the rate of interest is quite high.

The loans, often short-term loans, are especially beneficial to real estate investors who have a financial need for a very short while or who have been turned down by other financial institutions due to poor credit score. Another advantage of obtaining loans from private moneylenders is that they offer fast loans unlike many other financial companies and banks that offer loans after following a long internal procedure for loan sanctions. As a result, investors are drawn to such lenders owing to the flexibility and convenience offered by private moneylenders.

Typically, private moneylenders are most eager to work with people who have a promising venture. If a venture is good enough, they are willing to overlook their credit records. This form of financing can prove to be extremely expensive as such loans attract very high interest rates as compared to other banking and financial institutions. Another difficulty is that such lenders are quite hard to locate as compared to other traditional lenders.

People, who have surplus liquid cash and are on the lookout for ways to multiply this amount in a short period of time, become private moneylenders to provide funds to borrowers who are in need of quick cash.

However, it should be noted that all private moneylenders differ in their dealings and the amount of funds provided and the repayment terms may greatly differ. They may charge an interest in the range of 12% to 18% and have a well-drafted loan agreement to secure their investment. They may finance 50% to 75% of the home value post renovation for a period ranging from six months to five years.

The funds can be held in trust or escrowed until the renovation project is fully completed.
Discover exactly how Sal Vannutini combined two of the easiest (yet brutally powerful) real estate investing strategies and made an insane $31,510 Profit In Just 49 Days… And How You Can Do The Same!”. Visit FixerUpperFortunes.com

Short Sale Real Estate Investing

June 28, 2008


Short sale investing involves buying a piece of property from a lender for an amount less than the balance owed on the property. Basically, there are two types of short sale realty investments. The first type refers to when you purchase a property, foreclosed by a lender listed with a realtor. In this type, you simply offer the lender, who has now become the owner on record, less than what is owed on the property. In this case, you can offer less than the balance that was due on the foreclosure. Such a short sale, realty investment calls for a good relationship with the realtor. The other type involves negotiating directly with the lender of a motivated seller. It is essential to be determined in the negotiation process, mainly in reaching the right person at the lender Real Estate Owned (REO) department and then to get the price of your choice.

The key to be successful in the first kind of short sale, real estate investment lies in forging a relationship with a reliable local realtor. You can always search for one or two realty offices in your area that handle majority foreclosures and short sale, realty investments. In order to build your relationship with the realtors, you need to inform them about your ability to buy. Make sure you follow through, once you make the offer. It will help the agent know that you are the investor to turn to, whenever he has a deal regarding short sale, realty investment.

There are three fundamental steps that can be incorporated, in order to be successful with short sale, real estate investments. They are as follows:

. Search for the properties: The first step to success in a short sale real estate investment is to search for properties. This can be accomplished through regular realty advertisements and looking for distressed or overgrown property. It helps you get calls from sellers close to foreclosure.
. Get the seller on your side: The second best way to earn success in this type of investment is to get the seller on your side. In order to do so, you need to listen, communicate and empathize openly and honestly with the seller, regarding your plans. Besides, you will also be required to answer all questions and speak to the concerned parties frequently, so as to keep the channels of communication open. It helps to keep doubts out of the picture.
. Find the right person at the lender to speak with: Though it is not easy to find a reliable person, but this step is essential. More often than not, the first person you speak to will not necessarily be the right person and you may require cross certain hurdles to finally reach the person with some authority. You would certainly require patience in order to get the job done.

Short sale realty investment is considered to be lucrative for building wealth too. Owing to the increase in foreclosures across the country, the trend of learning and applying short sale realty investment skills is likely to continue.
Real Estate Investments are now easy with Realnet USA’s step by step Real Estate Investing process. We help you find your Real Estate Investment, to view live inventory please visit http://www.realnetusa.com.

Basic Investing Tips That You Have to Know

June 27, 2008


To limit the scope of this article, we will focus completely on the investing basics as they relate to you personally making investment decisions not giving money to a financial institution, which will make the investing decisions for you.

The first part of investing basics is knowing how to invest and where to invest. This can be answered quite simply: there are two ways in which to invest through an offline brokerage or through an online brokerage. Today, however, this is somewhat of a false dichotomy, as most offline brokerages also have websites. To invest, simply open up an account with either an online brokerage, such as ScottTrade or ShareBuilder, or open up an account with an offline brokerage or a financial institution; put money into the account; and then purchase shares based on an overall strategy. While you might be able to get better, more professional tips from an offline brokerage or financial institution, you will have better access to fundamental and technical information such as financial reports and graphs, respectively if you use ScottTrade or ShareBuilder.

The second part of investing basics involves knowing what it will cost. This, of course, will also depend on the brokerage you select. If you select an online brokerage, the cost of trading will probably be lower, since competition is stiffer and prices are easier to compare. Most online brokerages no longer charge commissions, but instead charge flat rate fees. This is important to take into consideration, especially if you plan on daytrading and earning small profits on multiple trades.

The third part of investing basics involves knowing what risks are involved. While there are some exceptions to this rule, here is the basic premise of a risk and investment: the more profitable a given investment could be, the higher the risk generally is. For instance, if you want attain 25% growth on your portfolio each year, you might have to risk losing 20%. But if you want to gain 10%, you might only have to risk losing 2%.

The fourth part of investing basics involves developing strategies. This part is important because it can make stock selection a predictable, mathematical process. This involves developing a list of requirements before you purchase any stock. For instance, you might determine that you want to make a diversified investment that includes two high-risk stocks, seven low-risk stocks, six medium-risk stocks. You will then want to determine what your goal is: to generate growth or to generate income via dividends. You will then want to begin sorting through stocks and choosing stocks specifically based on these goals.

The last thing you must know about investing basics is when to buy and when to sell. While this part of investing basics can get quite complicated when considering short and long positions, we wont go into that here. Instead, for beginners, it is more important to remember to trade based on specific pre-created goals, rather than basing each trade on emotion, which has lead many people into making poor financial decisions in the past.
Will King is the webmaster for 101 Investing Tips where you’ll find many resources and other articles on just about everything related to investing.

Smart Investment Options For Your Retirement

June 27, 2008


Saving money and then watching it grow is an exciting thing but this requires knowing the right means of investing. In addition to a standard savings account, people invest with IRAs, stocks, bonds, real estate, businesses, 401K programs, and so on. The good news is that when it comes to investing, you have many excellent options from which to choose. Obviously, you want to choose the option that will make the most out of your hard-earned money.

Although people invest for different reasons, the number one reason is for retirement. Knowing how hard it would be to live off Social Security, people, especially those from the Baby Boomer era, are taking investing seriously, and they should. When you consider the low income for retirees, along with inflation, trying to live a decent life would be a challenge. Unfortunately, millions of people now live at or below poverty level because they did not plan for their retirement.

One of the most popular forms used for investing is the stock market. If you choose the right stock and the right equations, you can do very well. However, with the stock market, you need to remember that you are depending on market performance. In other words, if the stock market were ever to plummet as it did before, you could lose everything. For this reason, while the stock market is one option for investing, there are others with fewer risks.

For starters, there is a 401K and IRA. With this, you might think about contributing to an IRA account, based off funds from your company’s 401K plan. With a 401K, most companies will match funds to a certain point. Then, once you have achieved a set level, you would become eligible for the highest matching possible, allowing you to contribute to an IRA. When looking at an IRA, we recommend you choose one that does not penalize you for taking money out. Although the goal is to leave the money in, you could be faced with an emergency in which you would need to withdraw some funds. Therefore, a Roth IRA would be the ideal solution.

Investing can also be done by diversifying your mutual funds. Once you have invested your money in a standard index fund, you would need to look at various markets and industries of interest. With this, compare the mutual funds that concentrate on different aspects of the market. The bottom line is that if you use your mutual funds for investing in various market segments, you get the advantage of large trends while eliminating the risk with other types of investments.

You will also find a number of online investing companies that will allow you to buy stock for as little as $4. These programs are convenient and if done right, can be beneficial. The key in this case is not to become too “trade happy”, meaning you should not trade too often. For the most back on your money with online investing, we suggest you commit to following up on your stocks no more than once a week. Keep in mind that other types of investing include corporate bonds, insider trading, and 529 funds, which is a great way to save for your child’s future college.
Grant Segall writes for the investment and money matters website Investentry.com

Forex Professional Market Investor Reveals A Short Cut To Mastering Stock Market Investing Rules

June 27, 2008


To operate effectively in any forex market investing environment, you need rules and boundaries to guide your behaviour. No matter what system you`ve developed, the potential exists to do financial damage to yourself - damage that can be greater than you think is possible. There are many types of trades which the risk of loss is unlimited.

To prevent this kind of loss, you need to create an internal structure in the form of guide lines that determine your behaviour so you always act in your own best interest. This structure has to be internal because the market won`t provide it for you. The markets provide structure in the form of behaviour patterns that indicate when an opportunity to buy or sell exists. But that`s where the structure ends; with a simple indication. Nothing happens until you decide to start or forex market investing; you continue to trade as long as you want; and there is no end until you decide to stop.

All the beginnings, middles, and endings of your trades are the result of your interpretation of the information available from the market. However, while the average trader may want the freedom to make these choices, but that doesn`t mean they are ready and willing to accept the responsibility for the outcomes. The reality of forex market investing is that, if you want to be successful, you have to accept that no matter what the outcome may be, you are completely responsible. Not the market, not the economy, not world events - you.

Traders who are not ready to accept this responsibility can find themselves in a dilemma: How do you participate in an activity that allows complete freedom of choice and avoid taking responsibility if the outcomes of your choices are poor? This can be accomplished by adopting a forex market investing style that is random. Random trading can be defined as poorly planned trades, or trades that are not planned at all.

Randomness in trading is unstructured freedom without responsibility. When we trade without well-defined plans and with an unlimited set of variables, it`s very easy to take credit for the trades that turn out to our liking, because in our minds we used some kind of method. But at the same time, it`s very easy to avoid taking responsibility for the trades that didn`t turn out the way we wanted, because there`s always some variable we didn`t know about and therefore couldn`t take into consideration beforehand. Random forex market investing is an unorganized approach that doesn`t allow you to find out what works and what doesn`t.

If the market`s behaviour were truly random, then it would be difficult, if not impossible, to create consistent results. If it`s impossible to generate consistent results, then we really don`t have to take responsibility. However, direct experience with the market tells a different story. The same market behaviour patterns present themselves over and over again. Even though the outcome of each individual pattern is random, the outcome of a series of patterns is consistent and statistically reliable.

These patterns can aid your forex market investing if you choose to use a disciplined, organized, and consistent approach. Many traders spend hours doing market analysis and planning trades for the next day. Then, instead of making the trades they planned, they do something else. The trades they make are usually ideas from friends or tips from brokers. By making unstructured, random trades, they are able to avoid responsibility.

Why would they do this? When you act on your own ideas, you put your abilities on the line and get instant feedback on how well your ideas worked. It`s difficult to rationalize away any unsatisfactory endings, since they`re the direct results of actions. On the other hand, when you enter an unplanned, random trade, you shrug off the responsibility by blaming your friend or broker for their bad ideas.

The nature of forex market investing itself also makes it easy to escape responsibility. Any trade has the potential to be a winner, whether you`re a great analyst or a poor one. It takes a lot of effort to create and follow a disciplined approach that will make you a consistent winner. But, if you invest the effort, you can achieve success as a trader, and reap the benefits of the market.
Who Else Wants To Learn A Simple, Step-By-Step System For Generating Quick & Easy Profits, Trading Forex? - FREE FOR A LIMITED TIME - http://www.forexcurrencytradingsystems.com/index.php

Forex Professional Market Investor Reveals A Short Cut To Mastering Stock Market Investing Rules

June 26, 2008


To operate effectively in any forex market investing environment, you need rules and boundaries to guide your behaviour. No matter what system you`ve developed, the potential exists to do financial damage to yourself - damage that can be greater than you think is possible. There are many types of trades which the risk of loss is unlimited.

To prevent this kind of loss, you need to create an internal structure in the form of guide lines that determine your behaviour so you always act in your own best interest. This structure has to be internal because the market won`t provide it for you. The markets provide structure in the form of behaviour patterns that indicate when an opportunity to buy or sell exists. But that`s where the structure ends; with a simple indication. Nothing happens until you decide to start or forex market investing; you continue to trade as long as you want; and there is no end until you decide to stop.

All the beginnings, middles, and endings of your trades are the result of your interpretation of the information available from the market. However, while the average trader may want the freedom to make these choices, but that doesn`t mean they are ready and willing to accept the responsibility for the outcomes. The reality of forex market investing is that, if you want to be successful, you have to accept that no matter what the outcome may be, you are completely responsible. Not the market, not the economy, not world events - you.

Traders who are not ready to accept this responsibility can find themselves in a dilemma: How do you participate in an activity that allows complete freedom of choice and avoid taking responsibility if the outcomes of your choices are poor? This can be accomplished by adopting a forex market investing style that is random. Random trading can be defined as poorly planned trades, or trades that are not planned at all.

Randomness in trading is unstructured freedom without responsibility. When we trade without well-defined plans and with an unlimited set of variables, it`s very easy to take credit for the trades that turn out to our liking, because in our minds we used some kind of method. But at the same time, it`s very easy to avoid taking responsibility for the trades that didn`t turn out the way we wanted, because there`s always some variable we didn`t know about and therefore couldn`t take into consideration beforehand. Random forex market investing is an unorganized approach that doesn`t allow you to find out what works and what doesn`t.

If the market`s behaviour were truly random, then it would be difficult, if not impossible, to create consistent results. If it`s impossible to generate consistent results, then we really don`t have to take responsibility. However, direct experience with the market tells a different story. The same market behaviour patterns present themselves over and over again. Even though the outcome of each individual pattern is random, the outcome of a series of patterns is consistent and statistically reliable.

These patterns can aid your forex market investing if you choose to use a disciplined, organized, and consistent approach. Many traders spend hours doing market analysis and planning trades for the next day. Then, instead of making the trades they planned, they do something else. The trades they make are usually ideas from friends or tips from brokers. By making unstructured, random trades, they are able to avoid responsibility.

Why would they do this? When you act on your own ideas, you put your abilities on the line and get instant feedback on how well your ideas worked. It`s difficult to rationalize away any unsatisfactory endings, since they`re the direct results of actions. On the other hand, when you enter an unplanned, random trade, you shrug off the responsibility by blaming your friend or broker for their bad ideas.

The nature of forex market investing itself also makes it easy to escape responsibility. Any trade has the potential to be a winner, whether you`re a great analyst or a poor one. It takes a lot of effort to create and follow a disciplined approach that will make you a consistent winner. But, if you invest the effort, you can achieve success as a trader, and reap the benefits of the market.
Who Else Wants To Learn A Simple, Step-By-Step System For Generating Quick & Easy Profits, Trading Forex? - FREE FOR A LIMITED TIME - http://www.forexcurrencytradingsystems.com/index.php

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U.S. Government Required Disclaimer - Options trading has large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to accept them in order to invest in the options markets. Don't trade with money you can't afford to lose. This website is neither a solicitation nor an offer to Buy/Sell options. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed on this website. The past performance of any trading system or methodology is not necessarily indicative of future results.

HYPOTHETICAL OR SIMULATED PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE CERTAIN LIMITATIONS. UNLIKE AN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE RECORD, SIMULATED RESULTS DO NOT REPRESENT ACTUAL TRADING. ALSO, SINCE THE TRADES HAVE NOT BEEN EXECUTED, THE RESULTS MAY HAVE UNDER-OR-OVER COMPENSATED FOR THE IMPACT, IF ANY, OF CERTAIN MARKET FACTORS, SUCH AS LACK OF LIQUIDITY. SIMULATED TRADING PROGRAMS IN GENERAL ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO THE FACT THAT THEY ARE DESIGNED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFIT OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN.